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''Fountain of the Great Lakes'' or ''Spirit of the Great Lakes Fountain'' is an allegorical sculpture by Lorado Taft in the Art Institute of Chicago South Stanley McCormick Memorial Court south of the Art Institute of Chicago Building in the Loop community area of Chicago in Cook County, Illinois, United States. It is a bronze work of art created between 1907-1913. The fountain depicts five women arranged so that the water flows through them in the same way water passes through the Great Lakes.〔〔Sinkevitch, Alice, "AIA Guide to Chicago" (2nd edition), p. 41, 2004, Harcourt Books, ISBN 0-15-602908-1.〕 Note that the Great Lakes waterflow starts in Lake Superior at above sea level and continues eastward through each lake until it reaches Lake Ontario and then passes into the St. Lawrence River. The Fountain is one of Taft's best known works.〔 The fountain was originally installed facing south where it remained until 1963 when it was moved next to the Morton Wing addition facing west where it sits today. In its original location it was visible from the Jackson and Michigan Avenue intersection once known as "route center" to the south. The fountain was commissioned by the Benjamin Ferguson fund and one surface references the title ''B. F. Ferguson Fountain of the Great Lakes''. There is a relief sculpture of Benjamin Ferguson on the rear panel that has been hidden from view since the fountain was moved.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Brainsnack Tours )〕 As the first commission from the Ferguson Fund,〔 it experienced various funding delays.〔 Additionally, the legal environment for land use in Grant Park was in flux at the time the commission was made,〔 which caused delays in location selection.〔 Once erected, the fountain received largely positive reviews, but a few critics questioned symbolism of the sculpture.〔 Others were caught up in sociopolitical subtexts of the day, with regard to obscenity laws as it related to public art and this semi-nude work.〔 ==Background== Benjamin Ferguson's 1905 $1 million charitable trust gift to "memorialize events in American History" funded The Fountain, and many other public works in Chicago. As the city attempted to determine a policy for the fund's use, Taft argued for fountains, allegorical statuary, discreetly placed portrait busts, and the adornment of bridges and park entrances in order to create long-lasting beauty in addition to supporting the style of art he pursued.〔Garvey, p. 11-12〕 By September 1905 his name was linked in the press to the fund as a possible deserving recipient of its first commission.〔 During the 1905–1906 year he began to place greater emphasis on sculpture in the classes he taught at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, while simultaneously refining earlier allegorical.〔 The fountain is Taft's response to Daniel Burnham's complaint at the Columbian Exposition in 1893 that the sculptors charged with ornamenting the fairgrounds failed to produce anything that represented the great natural resources of the west, especially the Great Lakes.〔(【引用サイトリンク】accessdate=2007-06-07 )〕 In Spring 1902, Taft had assigned his students a work entitled ''Spirit of the Great Lakes''. Five women had molded individual figures in response to an assignment and joined them in a tiered group with an imagined waterflow from the containers that they held. By mid-January 1906, Taft cast a plaster version, which he exhibited to Ferguson Fund Trestee Charles L. Hitchinson on January 17 at Taft's Midway Studios. By the end of January, The Art Institute of Chicago displayed the work during its annual local works exhibition. It gained support during its four-week display and won the Chicago Municipal Art League top sculpture award, and along with two other bust works he won the Society of Chicago Artists' Medal for general excellence.〔 The Municipal art League exhibition Chairperson, Mrs. William F. Grower, decided to form a subcommittee to help satisfy public support for the work to be the first Ferguson fund commission.〔Garvey, p. 12-14〕 However, even after the probate court released the bequest to the trustees on May 23, 1906, no commission was made because the trustees were undecided between a statuary and a portrait commission.〔 Additionally, Grant Park has been protected since 1836 by "forever open, clear and free" legislation that has been affirmed by several Illinois Supreme Court rulings. Aaron Montgomery Ward twice sued the city of Chicago to force it to remove buildings and structures from Grant Park and to keep it from building new ones. The second suit was still pending in 1906 and the legal cloud regarding deliberations of architectural limitations in Grant Park caused inaction.〔Garvey, p. 14-15〕 While the trustees remained silent, Taft sought wider public support by publishing a picture of ''Spirit of the Great Lakes'' in ''Century Magazine'', which drew interest from Buffalo, New York as a host of the final work. By February 1907, ''Buffalo Illustrated Times published'' a cover with an image of the work and a caption describing the anticipation of the Beautifying Buffalo Society for obtaining the work for the city.〔Garvey, p. 15-17〕 However, by the end of 1907 Taft and his connections with the Trust Fund resolved his commission.〔 On October 31, 1907, the Ferguson Trust Board voted Taft a commission, and on December 16, he signed a $38,000 contract to commence work.〔 The commission was the first commission from the Ferguson fund.〔Garvey, p. 142〕 Despite the financial agreement it would be some time before a determination of a site for the work. Ward's suit continued to loom over the deliberations. One proposal was to locate it in Grant Park south of the Art Institute and another was to locate it at the 35th Street and Grand Boulevard (Now Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive) intersection that now hosts the Chicago Landmark and National Register of Historic Places-listed ''Victory Monument''.〔 The 1909 Art Institute annual report mentioned a proposal for a sunken garden with a focal fountain south of the Institute.〔 Legal issues regarding land use intensified in 1910, and the Art Institute began to make modest plans for the fountain almost attached to the south wall of its own building.〔Garvey, p. 18-20〕 For the next few years there was little mention of the fountain as Taft focused on other work.〔 Then in May 1913, the fountain model at Taft's Midway Studios was disassembled and taken to Jules Berchem's foundry for bronze casting.〔 Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge designed the base for the sculpture.〔Garvey, p. 37〕 It was subsequently assembled by mid-August in preparation for a September 9, 1913 dedication date.〔 In 1963 with the construction of the new Morton wing of the Art Institute of Chicago Building, the fountain was moved from its south facing position adjacent to the original building that was visible from the Historic Michigan Boulevard District to the west wall of the new wing in a position facing westward. The sculpture was positioned so that the plaque on the back, which reads that the "fund must be used for erecting and maintaining enduring statuary and monuments", is no longer legible. Although Taft is now better remembered for his books such as ''The History of American Sculpture'', which is regarded as the first comprehensive work on the subject in the title, he was in his day well known for portraits and allegorical public sculpture, especially public fountains. The fountain was produced in the period following his assignment to design sculptures for William Le Baron Jenney's Horticultural Building when he designed several large-scale public works, including ''Fountain of Time''. At the time of the dedication, Taft described the Ferguson Fund commission to sculpt the fountain as a turning point in his career that led to increased publicity, more commissions, and growing recognition in the community, which combined to give him the encouragement for further commitment to the arts.〔 He hoped that the ''Fountain of the Great Lakes'' would mark a new era of civic beautification and that it would also mark the beginning of the Chicago school of sculpture.〔Garvey, p. 140〕 The dream that Chicago would be the epicenter of the sculpting universe had been bred during the World's Columbian Exposition twenty years earlier and rekindled with the Ferguson bequest.〔 ''Fountain of the Great Lakes'' was a major career accomplishment for Taft, which propelled him beyond the level of a portraitist.〔Garvey, p. 141〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fountain of the Great Lakes」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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